Human trafficking and in particular Child trafficking extracts
from academic works.
I DO
COLLECT AT TIMES FIGURES THAT ARE CONTRADICTORY, FROM GOVERNMENTS OR
NONPROFITS, FIGURES INTERNATIONAL OR NATIONAL, OR VIEWED AS MORE OR LESS
CONSERVATIVES. CHANGES IN DEFINITIONS AND YEARS, LAWS AND DATA WILL AFFECT
RESULTS.
Trafficking linked to unemployment,
vulnerability (financial, societal), drug trafficking, migration.
CHILD
TRAFFICKING IS NOT A NEW PHENOMENON, BUT CARING ABOUT IT IS.
Human Trafficking has been happening forever, but only in the year 2000
was it recognised as a crime by the US Government & the United Nations.
https://love146.org/child-trafficking-some-facts-stats/
-Illegal migrants are at incredible risk of being trafficked for
their organs.
-40 million people are victims of modern slavery today, 25 % are
children.
‘United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) figures indicate
that of almost 80% of identified victims had been trafficked for sexual
exploitation’.
Up to 300,000 Americans under 18 at risk of sexual exploitation
every year.
Average life span of a victim is reported to be 7 years (from
homicides, mistreatments, drug abuses, sexual diseases, suicides).
– How come that subjects such as child sexual trafficking do not
come up on the news?
Child trafficking statistics:
https://www.ecpat.org.uk/child-trafficking-statistics
Global
trafficking statistics
Worldwide, 40.3 million men, women and children were victims of modern slavery
on any day in 2016.
Walk Free Foundation, Global
Slavery Index, 2018
1
in 4 victims of modern slavery in 2016 were children - a total of 10.1 million child victims.
International Labour Organisation,
Walk Free Foundation and International Organisation for Migration, Global
Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage, 2017
CHILD TRAFFICKING IS NOT A NEW
PHENOMENON, BUT CARING ABOUT IT IS.
Human
Trafficking has been happening forever, but only in the year 2000 was it
recognised as a crime by the US Government & the United Nations.
https://love146.org/child-trafficking-some-facts-stats/
Talk to children about staying safe
https://www.nspcc.org.uk/keeping-children-safe/our-services/working-with-schools/
- ONLINE
GROOMING
- Gangs
- You can ask your
child's school to book a free Speak out Stay safe assembly for primary school
children.
https://www.nspcc.org.uk/what-is-child-abuse/types-of-abuse/child-trafficking/
It’s estimated that internationally there
are between 20 million and 40 million people in modern slavery today. Assessing
the full scope of human trafficking is difficult because so cases so often go
undetected, something the United Nations refers to as “the hidden figure of crime.”[2]
C.ET: definition disagreement, hidden figures,
very difficult to gauge.
Estimates suggest that,
internationally, only about .04% survivors of human trafficking cases are
identified, meaning that the vast majority of cases of human trafficking go
undetected. [3]
Human trafficking earns global profits of roughly $150 billion a year
for traffickers, $99 billion of which comes from commercial sexual
exploitation.[4]
https://www.nspcc.org.uk/what-is-child-abuse/types-of-abuse/child-trafficking/
List of Countries by GDP (Nominal)
United
States remains the largest economy of the world with GDP (Nominal) over $20
trillion in 2019. It represents a quarter share of the global economy (24.8%).
China follows, with $14 trillion, or 16.3% of the world economy. Tuvalu has the
world's smallest national economy with a GDP (nominal) of approximately $42
million. In World Factbook estimates, Niue, small island nation in the South
Pacific Ocean, is the smallest economy with GDP of $10 mn in year 2003.
https://statisticstimes.com/economy/countries-by-gdp.php
More than 2/3.
Globally, an estimated 71% of enslaved people are women and girls,
while men and boys account for 29%.[5]
Estimates suggest that about 50,000 people are trafficked into the US
each year, most often from Mexico and the Philippines. [6]
https://www.dosomething.org/us/facts/11-facts-about-human-trafficking
In 2018, over half (51.6%) of the criminal human trafficking cases
active in the US were sex trafficking cases involving only children.[7]
C.ET:
maybe due to be the ones specially dealt with, detected?? In any case, since
inequality and poverty increase, one can be certain that trafficking and modern
slavery will increasingly be left undealt with.
Advocates report a growing trend of
traffickers using online
social media platforms to recruit and advertise targets of human
trafficking.[9]
The average age a teen enters the sex trade in the US is 12 to 14 years
old. Many victims are runaway girls who were sexually abused as children.[10]
https://www.dosomething.org/us/facts/11-facts-about-human-trafficking
1. “Modern
Slavery Fact Sheet.” Anti-Slavery Internationa. Accessed July 31, 2019.
https://www.antislavery.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Modern-slavery-fact-sheet.pdf.
"2019 Trafficking in Persons Report.” United States Department of State.
Accessed July 31, 2019. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/2019-Trafficking-in-Persons-Report.pdf. ↩︎
2. “Forced
Labor, Modern Slavery, and Human Trafficking.” International Labor
Organization. Accessed July 31, 2019.
http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/lang--en/index.htm. “Monitoring
Target 16.2 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.” United
Nations Office on Drug and Crime. Accessed July 31, 2018. https://www.unodc.org/documents/research/UNODC-DNR_research_brief.pdf ↩︎
3. “What
is Human Trafficking.” Californians Against Sexual Exploitation. Accessed July 31,
2019. http://www.caseact.org/learn/humantrafficking/. ↩︎
4. “Human
Trafficking by the Numbers.” Human Rights First. Accessed July 31, 2019.
https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/resource/human-trafficking-numbers. ↩︎
5. “Trafficking
and Slavery Fact Sheet.” Free the Slaves. Accessed July 31, 2019.
https://www.freetheslaves.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Trafficking-ans-Slavery-Fact-Sheet-April-2018.pdf ↩︎
6. “Human
Trafficking Within and Into The United States: A Review of the Literature.”
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. Accessed July
31, 2019,
https://aspe.hhs.gov/report/human-trafficking-and-within-united-states-review-literature#Trafficking. ↩︎
7. "2018
Federal Human Trafficking Report.” The Human Trafficking Institute. Accessed
July 31, 2019. ↩︎
8. "2019
Trafficking in Persons Report.” United States Department of State. Accessed
July 31, 2019.
https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/2019-Trafficking-in-Persons-Report.pdf. ↩︎
9. “Human
Trafficking Within and Into The United States: A Review of the Literature.”
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. Accessed July
31, 2019, https://aspe.hhs.gov/report/human-trafficking-and-within-united-states-review-literature#Trafficking. ↩︎
10. “Hotline
Statistics.” The National Human Trafficking Hotline. Accessed July 31, 2019.
https://humantraffickinghotline.org/states. ↩︎
https://www.dosomething.org/us/facts/11-facts-about-human-trafficking
C.ET: often data come in aggregated data in many
countries around the world-what it means is that even if they have the victims
in front of them, or have information about the victims, they won't record it,
they won't specify what age, they won't specify what abuses. Even after
interviewing people, data should have been recorded but 'has been lost'. A
recurrent situation in social sciences research.
For example, when they interview a victim,
they won't bother record their ages, their conditions.... or they will record
it but when the data is agglomerated within bigger or other surveys, the ones
you get at the end, these data have been lost!!
https://love146.org/child-trafficking-some-facts-stats/
Human Trafficking is an underground
crime, so it’s difficult to measure, and more research is desperately needed. But we know the
problem is real. We know the problem is big. And behind every estimate is a
real person who cannot be dismissed.
In 2017, the International Labour
Organisation expanded their reporting on trafficking & exploitation (what
they call modern-slavery) to include forced marriage. Under that definition,
40.3 million are estimated to be victims at any given moment.
Under US federal law, all children involved in
commercial sex are victims of human trafficking. Sadly, only about half of US
states have laws that protect sexually exploited children from being prosecuted
for prostitution.
https://love146.org/child-trafficking-some-facts-stats/
https://love146.org/child-trafficking-some-facts-stats/
6.
IN THE UNITED STATES,
CHILDREN OF COLOR ARE ABOUT 4X MORE LIKELY TO BE TRAFFICKED THAN WHITE CHILDREN.
C.ET: LGBT people are also particularly targeted.
Children in poverty, with parents with social problems or disabilities
are specifically targeted. Shows how poverty is about creating vulnerability and also is linked with sexual exploitation and sexual tortures.
That sexual assaults and exploitation of any kinds may be more to do with the
aim of destroying an individual and an individuals’ prospects in life rather
than being linked with what would have to do with the ‘sexuality’ of the
perpetrators. Exploitation as a ramification of sadistic intent.
Many gender studies have proven this.
TRAFFICKERS CAN LOOK LIKE ANYONE AND
DON’T FIT ONE STEREOTYPE.
Love146 has connected with situations of
trafficking in which exploiters have been family members, peers, romantic
partners, educators, employers, community leaders, and clergy – of all ages,
ethnicities & genders.
In reality, few trafficked children are swept off
the street and thrown into white vans. Instead, they’re pulled into a life by
traffickers that they may not have words for. Sometimes they continue going to
school, living at home, and participating in extracurricular activities – even
while they are being trafficked.
https://love146.org/child-trafficking-some-facts-stats/
https://www.nspcc.org.uk/what-is-child-abuse/types-of-abuse/child-trafficking/
Effects of child trafficking
Trafficking can have both short and long term effects and the
impact can last a lifetime.
Children and young people
who've been trafficked might:
- not understand what's happened to
them is abuse - especially if they've been groomed
- believe they're in a relationship
with their abuser and unaware they're being exploited
- think they played a part in their
abuse or have broken the law
- feel very guilty or ashamed about
the abuse they've suffered.
Children are often too
scared to speak out. They might be frightened of:
- what'll happen to themselves, their friends
and their family
- all adults and authorities
- being prosecuted for a crime
- being returned to their home country where
their situation may be even worse
- Juju or witchcraft rituals performed during
their experiences
- judgement from their community and families.
C.ET: stigmatization.
They may also feel very guilty
or ashamed about the abuse they've suffered.
The impact;
·
Human trafficking has surpassed the illegal sale of arms
·
Trafficking will surpass the illegal sale of drugs in the
next few years
·
Drugs are used once and they are gone. Victims of child
trafficking can be used and abused over and over
·
A $32 billion-a-year
industry, human trafficking is on the rise and is in all 50 states (U.S.
Government)
·
Up to 300,000 Americans
under 18 are lured into the commercial sex trade every year
https://arkofhopeforchildren.org/child-trafficking/child-trafficking-statistics
Trafficking statistics IN THE UK.
10,627 potential victims of human trafficking were identified in
2019 - a 52% increase from 2018.
Home Office, National
Referral Mechanism Statistics: UK, End of Year Summary, 2019
Nearly half (43%) of all potential victims of trafficking -
4,550 victims - were children aged 18 and under.
Home Office, National
Referral Mechanism Statistics: UK, End of Year Summary, 2019
https://www.ecpat.org.uk/child-trafficking-statistics
- bring mass amount of money as
trafficking but also from pornography.
- huge lobbies directly
pressurizing the governments.
-
exploitation, pure and evil, just drawing blood from abusing, enslaving people.
- prey on the vulnerable- on the
people that society failed to protect or already exploited: financially,
socially, economically…
-
also tool to bring about inequalities: to destroy individual lives and
therefore annihilate their opportunities to live a decent life.
C: This
is valid for labor, not for sexual exploitation, as sexuality should not be
seen as a product.
Slavery,
you do not pay anybody, people are left in appalling conditions, also natural
competition between human beings is through annihilation like this killed, or
neutralised as well- end of competition through enslavement. That is to say if
people are tortured, they pay the bills of others while at work, and create
resources while being unpaid. The one paid is the ones producing terror
(exploiting people) and the ones buying the products that are cheaper.
Child human trafficking victims: Challenges for the
child welfare system
Rowena Fong *, Jodi Berger Cardoso
- most of the research and resources for trafficking victims have been
directed towards
adults rather than children (Fong,
2010).
- Researchers agree that there is a growing number of sexually exploited
and trafficked children in the United States (Boxill & Richardson, 2007;
Estes & Weiner, 2002; Spangenberg, 2001).
- Yet few programs emphasize the unique experiences and special needs of
this population (Fong,
2010).
- Many of the domestic victims of sexual exploitation are vulnerable
youth on the street or from the foster care system(Fong, 2010).
- Approximately 25% (224) of prostitution cases occurred
while the child was living at home, 59% (532) of the children
participated in local sex rings run by pimps and 16% (145) engaged in national
sex prostitution rings (Estes & Weiner, 2002). Estes and Weiner (2002).
- Children who live close to international borders (Fong, 2010).
Many juvenile victims of sexual exploitation are funneled through the
juvenile justice system. They are often arrested on charges of prostitution or
illegal work (Fong,
2010).
Previous research consistently
demonstrates the negative impact of child sexual abuse on
child
and adult mental health outcomes. In a recent
study of such
abuse victims, Spatato, Mullen, Burgess, Wells, & Moss (2004)
found increased incidences of acute anxiety
and stress disorders,
affective disorders, conduct disorders and personality disorders.
Other mental health problems may include acute post-traumatic
stress symptoms, low self-esteem, suicidality, poor academic
achievement, substance abuse, disassociation and poor interpersonal
relationship quality (Cohen &
Mannarino, 2008; Corcoran &
Pillai, 2008).
- Domestic and international victims of human trafficking
are
typically not eligible for services until
they have been officially
classified
as victims of trafficking. This has often been a hardship
for governmental and non-governmental agencies, who do receive
funding for services until this classification status is achieved. Once
sexually exploited youth have been identified, there are few
secure
shelters
and treatment programs that can aid in rehabilitation and
reintegration. Moreover, many shelters and treatment programs
do not provide services specific to sexually exploited youth (Fong, 2010).
- Human trafficking victims often
have extra needs for anonymity in group therapy and fear that
family members may be harmed because traffickers use death
threats to enforce compliance (Fong,
2010).
- Many models aim to accomplish at least one of four goals:
symptom reduction, destigmatization, increasing self-esteem and
self-concept and prevention of future abuse (Lev-Wiesel, 2008).
A plethora of barriers in child welfare and other public systems
impede the identification of children who have been sexually
abused. To tackle victim
identification, public child welfare
workers and social service providers need to work
closely with
juvenile detention facilities, court system, emergency
shelters, and
school social workers (Boxill &
Richardson, 2005). Until recently,
these entities were completely unaware that U.S.
children were
being exploited for commercial sex. While
awareness of the issue is
still lacking, successful programs in New York and Atlanta have
helped draw national attention (Fong,
2010).
C.ET: said to be unaware, but in fact unprepared and uncooperative, or
not disclosing or tackling.
Few
treatment and social service programs are equipped to
address
the complex needs of children who may have
experienced
torture, rape, drug abuse, trafficking and physical abuse (Fong, 2010).
316 R. Fong, J. Berger Cardoso /
Evaluation and Program Planning 33 (2010) 311–316
Joe,
I found the figure of 1.2 million you talked about. They may have kept the
number because it is a good poster, or it is a poster that is old. Under this
poster with the figure of 1.2 million they talk about new figures and nowhere
1.2 million is corresponding to anything- I wonder whether 1.2 million could be
about how many more children have been abused each year. therefore, it is a
figure that is added to the already existent one.
The
most agreed on estimates are 10 million children worldwide.
Keep
in view things are changing, and in fact they are worsening. -or are they
better spotted, better identified, denounced??…whatever the reasons. figures of
identified cases are growing.
CHILD TRAFFICKING IS NOT A NEW PHENOMENON, BUT CARING ABOUT IT IS.
Human
Trafficking has been happening forever, but only in the year 2000 was it
recognised as a crime by the US Government & the United Nations.
C.ET:
Very documented scandal with Matzneff: This
writer is open about having raped minors, he writes about it, not under the
banner of being amongst the fictional genre in literature, but as being
memoirs, i.e. autobiography. Thank you France.
https://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/25/us/miami-sex-trafficking/index.html
A heavy toll for the victims of
human trafficking
Their descent into
prostitution followed different paths but ended up in the same nightmare: abuse, drugs and fear.
For years, the girls who
sell their bodies on certain Miami streetcorners and in hotels were treated as
criminals. But new state laws have instructed police and judges to look at the
wider context and consider them victims of sex exploitation.
South Florida is the third-busiest area for
sex trafficking in the United States, the Department of Justice says, and
oftentimes it is children who are drawn into the web without even realizing it.
Once
girls enter the sex industry, their average life expectancy is seven years,
with homicide and AIDS being the top killers, Rodriguez said.
A friend invited her to a
hotel when she was 18.
"She knew what was
going to happen, but I didn't," Samantha said. "I didn't realize it
until later."
April has two children,
ages 2 and 4, and works as a prostitute to pay for their needs and for her
education, she said.
Initially, it was a
boyfriend who get her involved in prostitution.
She was working as a stripper, she said, when
she met the guy, who promised her clients and money.
"I want to stop," she said.
When?
"If I can find a job."
https://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/25/us/miami-sex-trafficking/index.html
https://www.worldschildren.org/child-trafficking-statistics/
Children who are
trafficked for labor purposes might be removed from their families and forced
to perform domestic household services, or work in factories or agriculture.
Though millions
of children are trafficked, there is a much larger number of children involved
in child labor that is not considered trafficking.
There are an estimated 168 million child laborers around
the world, with around
half of them participating in what is known as “hazardous work” – work that
endangers the child’s physical, emotional, or social well-being.
55% of victims are women and girls
Child labor makes it
difficult for children to succeed in school (if they attend at all). Lack of
education ultimately limits a child’s lifetime earning potential and keeps them
in poverty, thus perpetuating the cycle for their own children.
https://www.worldschildren.org/child-trafficking-statistics/
98% of victims trafficked for sexual
exploitation are women and girls.
Trafficker Tricks
India is heavily involved in sex trafficking
as a source, destination, and transit country, despite legislation and increased
efforts to combat trafficking. Often, traffickers will come to a village claiming to be
recruiting employees for a large business or corporation.
They promise job training, excellent salaries, and the ability to move into higher positions
over time. The young women they lure – generally with their parents’ consent or
coercion – leave the village with these traffickers and find that once they are
in a big city they are sold to a brothel, or otherwise forced to engage in
commercial sex work.
If
they resist, they risk being beaten, raped, or killed. Alone and in an
unfamiliar place, there is nothing they can do.
The marriage dowry trick
Or a young man
will visit a village saying he is looking for a wife and that he is willing to
accept a girl without a marriage dowry. The thought of getting a daughter
married without having to pay the typically exorbitant dowry is too tempting
for impoverished families.
The girl is given
to the man thinking she will be married and taken care of, but instead she is
whisked away and forced into the sex trade.
https://www.worldschildren.org/child-trafficking-statistics/
13 sex trafficking statistics that explain the
enormity of the global sex trade
USA TODAY
Sex trafficking is a massive, worldwide
problem that can take many forms.
One of the most prolific: America’s
multibillion-dollar illicit massage industry.
The prominence of illegal parlors and their
ties to sex trafficking
the
problem is growing, to as many as 9,000 illicit spas in the U.S. alone.
Here
are 13 statistics that help explain the scope of the problem.
1.
There
are more than 4 million victims of sex trafficking globally
2.
99% are women and girls
7
in 10 victims were exploited in Asia and the Pacific region
According to the
International Labour Organization report, more than 70% of sex trafficking victims were
located in Asia and the Pacific, compared with 14% in Europe and Central
Asia and 4% in the Americas.
In illicit massage parlors in the U.S., the vast majority of
reported trafficking victims are from China, with a notable number from the Fujian province in
southeastern China. South
Korea forms the second highest group.
Profits from forced
sexual labor are estimated at $99 billion worldwide
Profits are highest per sex trafficking victim in developed
economies
Events
like the Super Bowl increasingly are monitored for sex trafficking
Efforts to combat trafficking around major
events have increased in recent years, most notably around the Super
Bowl.
"It's not necessarily about
football or the NFL,"
Courtney Dow, an outreach coordinator for the Atlanta-based nonprofit Dream
Center, told USA TODAY before Super Bowl LIII in January. "When groups of men get together,
usually trafficking and exploitation increases.”
Prosecutions
of sex trafficking are down in the U.S.
The
State Department’s 2019 Trafficking in Persons Report found the Department of Justice opened significantly
fewer human trafficking investigations in 2018 compared to 2017,
dropping from 783 to 657. It also reported significantly fewer prosecutions:
230, down from 282.
That
holds true for cases specifically focused on sex trafficking. Of the
prosecutions, 213 were for sex trafficking, down from 266 in 2017.
Victims are still arrested for crimes
they were forced to commit by traffickers
The State Department’s report found that at
the state and local level, victims are still being arrested for crimes they’re
compelled to commit such as commercial sex work, including child victims.
This comes despite a push for “safe harbor” laws, passed in
at least 34 states, which are meant to stop child sex trafficking victims from
being prosecuted for prostitution and other charges related to commercial sex.
No comments:
Post a Comment